1~12年龄儿童营养状况与其生长发育的关系

Relationship between Nutritional Status and Growth and Development of Children Aged 1~12

摘要:

目的 了解1~12儿童生长营养状况与其生长发育情况，评价本地区儿童保健工作效果，为经后的儿童保健工作提供指导。 方法 将514例接受健康体检的1~12岁儿童纳为研究对象，检测儿童体重、身高、骨密度、血清维生素A、D及血液微量元素，利用Pearson相关性分析了解儿童生长发育情况与血液微量元素间的相关性。 结果 本研究中514例儿童中，男童224例及女童290例，幼儿期1~3岁者共86例，学龄前期~6岁者共165例，学龄期~12岁263例。维生素A缺乏率为7.98%（41/514），不同年龄组儿童维生素A缺乏率存在显著性差异（P<0.05），其中幼儿期维生素A缺乏率为22.09%（19/86），学龄前期维生素A缺乏率为7.88%（13/165），学龄期维生素A缺乏率为4.56%（12/263），缺乏维生素A者身高及体重均低于同龄组儿童平均水平，儿童血清维生素A浓度与其身高、体重均呈正相关（P<0.05）。维生素D缺乏检出率为12.06%（62/514），其中女童维生素D缺乏率为16.07%（36/224），高于男童的8.97%（26/290），维生素D缺乏者身高显著低于维生素D水平正常者（P<0.05），骨矿质缺乏发生率显著高于维生素D水平正常者，血清维生素D浓度与儿童身高呈正相关（P<0.05），与骨矿质缺乏呈负相关（P<0.05）。此外，低血钙者共51例（9.92%），男童血清钙水平显著低于女童（P<0.05），男童低血钙发生率也明显高于女童（P<0.05），血清钙水平与儿童身高呈正相关（P<0.05），与其骨矿物质缺乏呈负相关（P<0.05）。低血锌者共35例（6.81%），低血铁者共32例（6.23%），且血液锌、铁水平与儿童身高、体重间均呈正相关（P<0.05）。 结论 低龄儿童维生素A缺乏情况较高龄儿童严重，维生素A的缺乏影响儿童身高及体重；女童维生素D缺乏现象较男童严重，维生素D缺乏影响儿童骨密度，建议合理补充维生素D，增加女童室外活动，此外，微量维生素，包括血钙、血锌及铁的缺乏也将影响儿童身高及体重，建议合理饮食，补充身体必须元素。

Abstract:

[Objective] To analyze the nutritional status and growth and development of children aged 1 to 12 years old, and to provide guidance for subsequent child health care work. Methods A total of 514 children aged 1 to 12 years old underwent physical examination in our hospital were enrolled, data including weight, height, bone mineral density, serum vitamin A, vitamin D and blood trace elements were detected, thereafter, Pearson correlation analysis was used to discuss the correlation between children's growth and development and serum trace elements. Results Among the 514 children in this study, there were 224 boys and 290 girls, including 86 children in early childhood group, 165 children in preschool age group and 263 children in school age group. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was 7.98% (41/514), with a significant difference among the different age groups, including 22.09% (19/86) in early childhood group, 7.88% (13/165) in preschool age group, and 4.56% (12/263) in school age group. The height and weight of children with vitamin A deficiency were lower than those of children in the same age group, and there was a positive correlation between serum vitamin A concentration and height and weight of children (P<0.05). The detection rate of vitamin D deficiency was 12.06% (62/514), with 16.07% (36/224) in girls, higher than 8.97% (26/290) in boys. The height of children with vitamin D deficiency was significantly lower than that of children with normal vitamin D levels (P<0.05), and the incidence of bone mineral deficiency was significantly higher than that of that with normal vitamin D levels. Serum vitamin D concentration was positively correlated with height in children (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with bone mineral deficiency (P<0.05). In addition, there were 51 children (9.92%) with hypocalcemia. Serum calcium levels were significantly lower in boys than in girls (P<0.05), and the incidence of hypocalcemia was significantly higher in boys than in girls (P<0.05).Serum calcium level was positively correlated with height (P<0.05), and negatively correlated with bone mineral deficiency (P<0.05). There were 35 cases (6.81%) of children with hypoglycemic zinc and 32 cases (6.23%) of children with hypoglycemic iron, and there was a positive correlation between serum zinc and iron levels and children's height and weight (P<0.05). Conclusion Vitamin A deficiency is more serious in younger children than in older children, and vitamin A deficiency affects children's height and weight; vitamin D deficiency is more serious in girls than in boys, and vitamin D deficiency affects children's bone density. Vitamin D supplementation and outdoor activities for girls are recommended. In addition, deficiencies in trace vitamins, including blood calcium, zinc and iron, will also affect children's height and weight, and a proper diet is recommended to supplement the body with essential elements.